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[书籍] 华为数通知识宝典 |
数据通信与网络 知识地图 .......................................................................................................................... 10 1 网络基础 ........................................................................................................................................... 11 1.1 利用TCP/IP模型理解数据通信过程 .................................................................................................. 11 1.2 IP地址的概念及IP子网划分 ............................................................................................................... 19 1.3 VRP基础 .......................................................................................................................................... 27 1.4 使用Console接口管理设备 ............................................................................................................... 32 1.5 eNSP华为官方数通模拟器 ................................................................................................................ 37 2 交换基础 .......................................................................................................................................... 43 2.1 二层交换基础 ................................................................................................................................... 43 2.2 VLAN及Trunk .................................................................................................................................. 47 2.2.1 VLAN的基本概念 .............................................................................................................................. 47 2.2.2 Access类型的接口 ............................................................................................................................ 49 2.2.3 Trunk类型的接口............................................................................................................................... 50 2.2.4 接口类型小结 ................................................................................................................................... 51 2.2.5 VLAN及Trunk的基础配置 ................................................................................................................. 54 2.2.6 Hybrid接口的配置 ............................................................................................................................. 57 2.2.7 QinQ ................................................................................................................................................ 62 2.2.8 二层接口、三层接口、以及PVID、VLAN-ID等概念杂谈 ................................................................. 65 2.3 二层防环技术 ................................................................................................................................... 66 2.3.1 STP .................................................................................................................................................. 66 2.3.2 STP的特性及优化 ............................................................................................................................. 79 2.3.3 MSTP ............................................................................................................................................... 89 2.3.4 Smart Link及Monitor Link ................................................................................................................. 98 2.4 实现VLAN间的互访......................................................................................................................... 115 2.4.1 通过子接口实现VLAN间的互访 ....................................................................................................... 115 2.4.2 通过vlan-interface实现VLAN间的互访 ............................................................................................ 118 2.5 链路聚合 ........................................................................................................................................ 122 2.5.1 链路聚合技术背景 ........................................................................................................................... 122 2.5.2 工作方式:手工负载分担(Manual load-balance) ....................................................................... 123 2.5.3 工作方式:LACP ............................................................................................................................ 124 2.5.4 基础实验 ........................................................................................................................................ 126 2.6 交换安全 ........................................................................................................................................ 130 2.6.1 端口镜像 ........................................................................................................................................ 130 2.6.2 捕获业务报文 ................................................................................................................................. 135 2.6.3 端口隔离 ........................................................................................................................................ 138 3 路由基础 ........................................................................................................................................ 141 3.1 IP路由基础 ..................................................................................................................................... 141 3.1.1 什么是IP路由 ................................................................................................................................. 141 3.1.2 IP路由表......................................................................................................................................... 142 3.1.3 路由优先级 ..................................................................................................................................... 143 3.1.4 静态路由 ........................................................................................................................................ 144 3.1.5 静态路由简单实验 ........................................................................................................................... 146 3.1.6 默认路由(缺省路由).................................................................................................................... 149 3.1.7 浮动静态路由 ................................................................................................................................. 150 3.2 路由汇总(路由聚合).................................................................................................................... 151 3.3 最长匹配原则 ................................................................................................................................. 155 3.4 动态路由协议基础 ........................................................................................................................... 159 3.5 OSPF ............................................................................................................................................. 161 3.5.1 OSPF概述 ...................................................................................................................................... 161 3.5.2 OSPF基本概念 ............................................................................................................................... 164 3.5.3 OSPF的基础配置 ............................................................................................................................ 172 3.5.4 OSPF LSA及特殊区域 .................................................................................................................... 182 3.5.5 OSPF高级 ...................................................................................................................................... 192 4 交换提高 ........................................................................................................................................ 196 4.1 S5300交换机堆叠 ........................................................................................................................... 196 4.1.1 理论部分 ........................................................................................................................................ 196 4.1.2 配置指导 ........................................................................................................................................ 198 4.2 S6300交换机堆叠 ........................................................................................................................... 200 数通知识宝典 密级:公开 第4页, 共655页 4.2.1 理论部分 ........................................................................................................................................ 200 4.2.2 配置指导 ........................................................................................................................................ 202 4.3 Traffic-policy流量统计 ..................................................................................................................... 205 4.4 VLAN映射 ...................................................................................................................................... 206 5 路由提高 ........................................................................................................................................ 207 5.1 路由重发布 ..................................................................................................................................... 207 5.1.1 技术背景 ........................................................................................................................................ 207 5.1.2 实施要点 ........................................................................................................................................ 210 5.1.3 路由重发布的配置 ............................................................................................................................ 211 5.2 路由策略 ........................................................................................................................................ 215 5.2.1 Route-policy ................................................................................................................................... 215 5.2.2 IP-Prefix ......................................................................................................................................... 218 5.3 BGP ............................................................................................................................................... 222 5.3.1 BGP基本概念 ................................................................................................................................. 222 5.3.2 BGP入门实验 ................................................................................................................................. 230 5.3.3 BGP路径属性 ................................................................................................................................. 238 5.3.4 BGP路由策略 ................................................................................................................................. 253 5.3.5 BGP路由反射器 .............................................................................................................................. 275 5.3.6 BGP联邦 ........................................................................................................................................ 285 5.3.7 BGP选路规则详解 .......................................................................................................................... 289 5.4 虚拟路由转发实例 ........................................................................................................................... 313 5.4.1 VPN-Instance部署案例 ................................................................................................................... 313 6 冗余可靠 ........................................................................................................................................ 317 6.1 VRRP ............................................................................................................................................. 317 6.1.1 VRRP概述...................................................................................................................................... 317 6.1.2 VRRP术语...................................................................................................................................... 319 6.1.3 VRRP的基础配置 ............................................................................................................................ 320 6.1.4 VRRP常见问题 ............................................................................................................................... 330 6.1.5 VRRP与NQA的联动 ....................................................................................................................... 331 7 网络安全 ........................................................................................................................................ 333 7.1 ACL ................................................................................................................................................ 333 7.1.1 ACL概述......................................................................................................................................... 333 7.1.2 ACL的分类 ..................................................................................................................................... 334 7.1.3 ACL的配置 ..................................................................................................................................... 335 7.1.4 ACL配置实例(路由器) ................................................................................................................ 336 7.1.5 ACL配置示例(交换机) ................................................................................................................ 337 7.2 防火墙基础 ..................................................................................................................................... 338 7.2.1 防火墙概述 ..................................................................................................................................... 338 7.2.2 防火墙的基础知识 ........................................................................................................................... 339 7.2.3 防火墙的基础配置 ........................................................................................................................... 346 7.3 NAT ................................................................................................................................................ 360 7.3.1 NAT概述 ......................................................................................................................................... 360 7.3.2 NAT类型详解 ................................................................................................................................. 361 7.3.3 NAT在防火墙(NGFW)上的部署 ................................................................................................. 364 7.3.4 NAT在路由器上的部署 .................................................................................................................... 372 7.4 防火墙双机热备 .............................................................................................................................. 375 7.4.1 防火墙双机热备概述 ....................................................................................................................... 375 7.4.2 防火墙双机热备基础 ....................................................................................................................... 377 7.4.3 防火墙双机配置步骤 ....................................................................................................................... 383 7.4.4 配置案例1:防火墙双机主备配置(上下行连接交换机并在物理接口部署VRRP) ....................... 383 7.4.5 与防火墙双机热备相关的其他命令 ................................................................................................. 390 7.4.6 配置案例2:防火墙双机主备配置(上下行连接交换机并在下行子接口部署VRRP) ................... 391 7.4.7 配置案例3:防火墙双机主备配置(上下行连接交换机并在下行Eth-trunk子接口部署VRRP) ..... 395 7.4.8 配置案例4:防火墙双机主备配置(下行连接内部交换机并在Eth-trunk子接口部署VRRP、上行连接外 部交换机并运行OSPF) ................................................................................................................. 401 7.4.9 防火墙双机配置注意事项 ................................................................................................................ 410 7.5 防火墙常见问题 .............................................................................................................................. 411 7.6 VPN ............................................................................................................................................... 415 7.6.1 VPN基础知识 ................................................................................................................................. 415 7.6.2 GRE ............................................................................................................................................... 420 7.6.3 IPSecVPN ...................................................................................................................................... 423 8 网络管理 ........................................................................................................................................ 483 8.1 SNMP ............................................................................................................................................ 483 8.2 SNMPv3的基础配置 ....................................................................................................................... 487 8.3 NTP的基础配置 .............................................................................................................................. 489 9 组播技术 ........................................................................................................................................ 490 9.1 组播基础 ........................................................................................................................................ 490 9.1.1 组播概述 ........................................................................................................................................ 490 9.1.2 组播模型 ........................................................................................................................................ 492 9.1.3 组播分发树 ..................................................................................................................................... 493 9.1.4 组播地址 ........................................................................................................................................ 493 9.2 IGMP .............................................................................................................................................. 496 9.2.1 IGMP概述 ...................................................................................................................................... 496 9.2.2 IGMPv1(RFC1112) .................................................................................................................... 497 9.2.3 IGMPv2(RFC2236) .................................................................................................................... 499 9.2.4 IGMP配置及实现 ............................................................................................................................ 503 9.3 组播路由协议概述 ........................................................................................................................... 507 9.3.1 关于组播路由协议 ........................................................................................................................... 507 9.3.2 组播路由表项 ................................................................................................................................. 508 9.3.3 组播分发树 ..................................................................................................................................... 509 9.3.4 RPF ................................................................................................................................................ 510 9.4 PIM概述 ......................................................................................................................................... 511 9.5 PIM-DM .......................................................................................................................................... 512 9.5.1 协议概述 ........................................................................................................................................ 512 9.5.2 协议报文 ........................................................................................................................................ 512 9.5.3 邻居关系 ........................................................................................................................................ 513 9.5.4 扩散(Flood)、剪枝(Prune)及嫁接(Graft) ............................................................................ 514 9.5.5 Assert断言机制 ............................................................................................................................... 518 9.5.6 配置示例 ........................................................................................................................................ 519 9.6 PIM-SM .......................................................................................................................................... 526 9.6.1 基础知识 ........................................................................................................................................ 526 9.6.2 工作机制1:共享树加入 ................................................................................................................. 527 9.6.3 工作机制2:共享树剪枝 ................................................................................................................. 529 9.6.4 工作机制3:源注册 ......................................................................................................................... 531 9.6.5 工作机制4:RPT到SPT的切换 ....................................................................................................... 534 9.6.6 PIM-SM DR指定路由器 .................................................................................................................. 537 9.6.7 配置示例 ........................................................................................................................................ 538 10 IPv6基础 ........................................................................................................................................ 548 10.1 IPv6基础 ........................................................................................................................................ 548 10.1.1 概述 ...................................................................................................................................... 548 10.1.2 报文格式............................................................................................................................... 549 10.2 IPv6编址 ........................................................................................................................................ 551 10.2.1 IPv6地址............................................................................................................................... 551 10.2.2 地址类型............................................................................................................................... 552 10.2.3 单播地址............................................................................................................................... 553 10.2.4 接口ID .................................................................................................................................. 555 10.2.5 组播地址............................................................................................................................... 556 10.3 基础配置 ........................................................................................................................................ 558 10.3.1 基础配置命令 ........................................................................................................................ 558 10.3.2 实验1:IPv6入门实验 ........................................................................................................... 559 10.3.3 实验2:无状态地址自动配置 ................................................................................................ 562 10.4 ICMPv6 .......................................................................................................................................... 564 10.4.1 ICMPv6概述 .......................................................................................................................... 564 10.4.2 NDP ..................................................................................................................................... 565 10.5 IPv6过渡技术 ................................................................................................................................. 575 10.5.1 概述 ...................................................................................................................................... 575 10.5.2 IPv6 Over IPv4手工隧道 ....................................................................................................... 577 10.5.3 GRE隧道 ............................................................................................................................... 580 10.5.4 6to4自动隧道 ........................................................................................................................ 584 10.5.5 NAT64概述 ............................................................................................................................ 589 10.5.6 NAT64(IPv6节点主动访问IPv4服务器) ............................................................................ 591 10.5.7 NAT64(IPv4节点主动访问IPv6服务器) ............................................................................ 593 11 MPLS与MPLS VPN ........................................................................................................................ 595 11.1 MPLS基础 ...................................................................................................................................... 595 11.1.1 MPLS概述 ............................................................................................................................. 595 11.1.2 MPLS术语 ............................................................................................................................. 597 11.1.3 MPLS标签 ............................................................................................................................. 599 11.1.4 MPLS标签操作 ...................................................................................................................... 600 11.1.5 MPLS转发过程详解 .............................................................................................................. 601 11.2 LDP ................................................................................................................................................ 604 11.2.1 LDP概述 ............................................................................................................................... 604 11.2.2 LDP ID ................................................................................................................................. 606 11.2.3 标签空间............................................................................................................................... 606 11.2.4 传输地址............................................................................................................................... 607 11.2.5 LDP的基本工作过程.............................................................................................................. 607 11.2.6 PHP ....................................................................................................................................... 611 11.3 MPLS的基础配置 ............................................................................................................................ 613 11.3.1 基础命令............................................................................................................................... 613 11.3.2 基础实验............................................................................................................................... 614 11.4 MPLS VPN..................................................................................................................................... 619 11.4.1 MPLS VPN的架构 ................................................................................................................. 620 11.4.2 MPLS VPN初体验 ................................................................................................................. 621 11.4.3 VPN实例 ............................................................................................................................... 625 11.4.4 RD ........................................................................................................................................ 627 11.4.5 RT ........................................................................................................................................ 628 11.4.6 基础实验............................................................................................................................... 629 12 服务质量 ........................................................................................................................................ 640 12.1 流量分类与标记 .............................................................................................................................. 640 12.1.1 修改流量的DSCP .................................................................................................................. 640 13 故障处理 ........................................................................................................................................ 641 13.1 网络故障处理概述 ........................................................................................................................... 641 13.2 网络故障处理案例 ........................................................................................................................... 645 13.2.1 案例1:某局点单板无法访问客户网络设备 .......................................................................... 645 13.2.2 案例2 .................................................................................................................................... 647 13.2.3 案例3 .................................................................................................................................... 648 13.2.4 案例4 .................................................................................................................................... 649 13.2.5 案例5 .................................................................................................................................... 650 13.2.6 案例6 .................................................................................................................................... 652 13.2.7 案例7 .................................................................................................................................... 652 13.2.8 案例8 .................................................................................................................................... 653 13.2.9 案例9 .................................................................................................................................... 654
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